Cosmic Rays - Where Do They Come From

Cosmic rays sound like some kind of science-fiction menace from outer space. It turns out, that in high-enough amounts, they are. On the other hand, cosmic rays pass through us every day without doing much (if any harm). So, what are these mysterious pieces of cosmic energy? Defining Cosmic Rays The term cosmic ray refers to high-speed particles that travel the universe. Theyre everywhere. Chances are very good that cosmic rays have passed through everyones body at some time or another, particularly if they live at high altitude or have flown in an airplane. Earth is well-protected against all but the most energetic of these rays, so they dont really pose a danger to us in our everyday lives. Cosmic rays provide fascinating clues to objects and events elsewhere in the universe, such as the deaths of massive stars (called  supernova explosions) and activity on the Sun, so astronomers study them using high-altitude balloons and space-based instruments. That research is providing exciting new insight into the origins and evolution of stars and galaxies in the universe.   Cosmic rays come from supernova explosions, among other processes in the universe. This is a Combined infrared and x-ray images of a supernova remnant called W44. Several telescopes looked at it to get the image. When the star that created this scene exploded, it sent out cosmic rays and other high-energy particles, as well as radio, infrared, x-ray, ultraviolet, and visible light. NASA/CXC and NASA/JPL-CalTech What Are Cosmic Rays? Cosmic rays are extremely high-energy charged particles (usually protons) that move at nearly the speed of light. Some come from the Sun (in the form of solar energetic particles), while others are ejected from supernova explosions and other energetic events in interstellar (and intergalactic) space.  When cosmic rays collide with Earths atmosphere, they produce showers of what are called secondary particles. History of Cosmic Ray Studies The existence of cosmic rays has been known for more than a century. They were first found by physicist Victor Hess. He launched high-accuracy electrometers aboard weather balloons in 1912 to measure the ionization rate of atoms (that is, how quickly and how often atoms are energized) in upper layers of Earths atmosphere. What he discovered was that the ionization rate was much greater the higher you rise in the atmosphere — a discovery for which he later won the Nobel Prize. This flew in the face of conventional wisdom. His first instinct on how to explain this was that some solar phenomenon was creating this effect. However, after repeating his experiments during a near solar eclipse he obtained the same results, effectively ruling out any solar origin for, Therefore, he concluded that there must be some intrinsic electric field in the atmosphere creating the observed ionization, though he could not deduce what the source of the field would be. It was more than a decade later before physicist Robert Millikan was able to prove that the electric field in the atmosphere observed by Hess was instead a flux of photons and electrons. He called this phenomenon cosmic rays and they streamed through our atmosphere. He also determined that these particles werent from Earth or the near-Earth environment, but rather came from deep space. The next challenge was to figure out what processes or objects could have been creating them.   Ongoing Studies of Cosmic Ray Properties Since that time, scientists have continued to use high-flying balloons to get above the atmosphere and sample more of these high-speed particles. The region above Antartica at the south pole is a favored launching spot, and a number of missions have collected more information about cosmic rays. There, the National Science Balloon Facility is home to several instrument-laden flights each year. The cosmic ray counters they carry measure the energy of cosmic rays, as well as their directions and intensities. A long-duration balloon flight from Antarctica can be used to detect cosmic rays. NASA The  International Space Station also contains instruments that study the properties of cosmic rays, including the Cosmic Ray Energetics and Mass (CREAM) experiment. Installed in 2017, it has a three-year mission to collect as much data as possible on these fast-moving particles. CREAM actually began as a balloon experiment, and it flew seven times between 2004 and 2016. Figuring out the Sources of Cosmic Rays Because cosmic rays are composed of charged particles their paths can be altered by any magnetic field that it comes into contact with. Naturally, objects like stars and planets have magnetic fields, but interstellar magnetic fields also exist. This makes predicting where (and how strong) magnetic fields are extremely difficult. And since these magnetic fields persist throughout all space, they appear in every direction. Therefore it is not surprising that from our vantage point here on Earth it appears that cosmic rays do not appear to arrive from any one point in space. Determining the source of cosmic rays proved difficult for many years. However, there are some assumptions that can be assumed. First of all, the nature of cosmic rays as extremely high-energy charged particles implied that they are produced by rather powerful activities. So events like supernovae or regions around black holes seemed to be likely candidates. The Sun  emits something similar to cosmic rays in the form of highly energetic particles. The Sun emits streams of energized particles and cosmic rays. SOHO/Extreme Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope (EIT) consortium In 1949 physicist Enrico Fermi suggested that cosmic rays were simply particles accelerated by magnetic fields in interstellar gas clouds. And, since you need a rather large field to create the highest-energy cosmic rays, scientists began looking at supernova remnants (and other large objects in space) as the likely source.   Cosmic rays could stream from highly energetic events in the distant universe, such as activities associated with quasars. An artistic look at what an early distant quasar might look like. ESO/M. Kornmesser In June 2008 NASA launched a  gamma-ray telescope known as Fermi — named for Enrico Fermi. While Fermi is a gamma-ray telescope, one of its main science goals was to determine the origins of cosmic rays. Coupled with other studies of cosmic rays by balloons and space-based instruments, astronomers now look to supernova remnants, and such exotic objects as supermassive black holes as sources for the most highly energetic cosmic rays detected here on Earth. Fast Facts Cosmic rays come from around the universe and can be generated by such events as supernova explosions.High-speed particles are also generated in other energetic events such as quasar activities.The Sun also sends out cosmic rays in the form or solar energetic particles. Cosmic rays can be detected on Earth in various ways. Some museums have cosmic ray detectors as exhibits. Sources â€Å"Cosmic Rays Exposure.†Ã‚  Radioactivity : Iodine 131, www.radioactivity.eu.com/site/pages/Dose_Cosmic.htm.NASA, NASA, imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/science/toolbox/cosmic_rays1.html.RSS, www.ep.ph.bham.ac.uk/general/outreach/SparkChamber/text2h.html. Edited and updated by Carolyn Collins Petersen.

Is The Struggle Really Worth It Essay - 2404 Words

Is The Struggle Really Worth It? How Stopping The Young Population Is Worthless In today’s society, happiness has many different definitions. Through the globe, ideas of how to make a person happy will variate from many different factors according to the corresponding culture. In Asia, many people think that peace and meditation gives the individual the right set of mind to guide their life. On the other hand, the countries in America have a different definition. Mostly, is thought that freedom gives many individuals the happiness to comprehend and continue their lives in the paths they wish to follow. Freedom is seen by many as a given right that has to be respected by everyone, but there has always been a big confusion on what does freedom means. Some say is the right to do whatever a person wants to do, while others says is the right to do what is morally right for themselves. Here is where the biggest confusion where many get confused and even ruin their lives because of this, causing a love/hate feeling toward freedom. This need to seek and find the corresponding freedom has many origins, and many are related to the origins of the human being. Since the beginning of the known history, humans have done whatever they felt they needed to survive and reproduce. This lead to a thing called instinct, that we even use now in days. Everything works in a way that was obviously meant to function, but everything falls apart when all mentioned before is oppressed by outside forcesShow MoreRelatedHow I Write An Essay981 Words   |  4 PagesAt one point or another, everyone struggles with writing an essay. I know that I have struggled with writing essays on more than one occasion. There are multiple parts of an essay that I struggle with, starting with grammar are my biggest issue, then along comes revising my own essay. 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Personal finance goals Essay Example For Students

Personal finance goals Essay Figuring out where you will be financially years from now is hard to imagine. There are always what you plan, and then theres things that just happen that you would usually rather not have of. You can always make goals and things and hope that things go alright and end up close to what you expected. I am currently eighteen years old. I am working on setting up all my financial things so that I am independent and can rely on myself for what I need and not have to worry about having my parents approving of things and being responsible for what I choose to do. I am going to take out a small loan soon and work on building up my credit history. I am also planning on transferring all my things like my car and phone to my name. This summer I am going to get a full time job as a CNA and save up some money for next year college. I plan on hopefully going to the University of Minnesota Twin Cities for my bachelors degree in nursing. As I attend college I plan on staying employed as a CNA and w orking as much as possible so that I can afford to pay my tuition that I will basically be on my own with. During my college years I plan to get a few small credit cards just in case and also to keep my credit good. After I graduate, I would like to move somewhere south or west and work as a Psych RN. While I work as a RN, I may go back to school and complete my masters program to become a NP (nurse practitioner). I will be receiving my insurance through whatever company I am working at because that will be required in order for me to even apply. Hopefully I will have met someone by then and will get married after I receive my bachelors and will eventually have two kids. I will then purchase my own house and also a car. I will be paying insurance on both of these items. I will work the rest of my life as a Nurse and will eventually retire at the age of 65. Although I dont really know how well all of this will work out and Im sure there are probably easier ways to do all this, I dont think I will be talking to any professionals. I think I have enough basic understanding in order to keep myself stable. Granted I will probably fall a couple of times and make a few mistakes, Ive been taught to keep working at it and youll get it right eventually. I know that in order to get what you want you have to try and work really hard. I dont believe in being handed things, whether it be money or advice or anything else. I would rather try and fail then have someone tell me what to and what not to do. I myself believe in risks to an extent. I think they are alright as long as they are somewhat logical. I dont believe in jumping off a cliff with no ropes hoping to survive. I plan on having two accounts, one checking and one savings. I will mainly work with my checking account and the savings will not be touched unless for emergencies. I will keep a mi nimum of a thousand dollars in my savings account, which I will be opening at a credit union since they have a slightly higher interest rate, so I will always have it. I have learned to always keep a safe amount of money the hard way, which is why I will be taking out a loan soon. I think the best investment for you to make is the purchasing of a house. The only catch though is to make sure that you can afford the payments, because if you dont make them all or you are late with them your credit will go down and you will not be able to buy another house for seven to ten years if you allow it to go down to zero. I believe that necessary investments are low risk. Although they might be a lot of money and can be very damaging to credit if not taken care of when they have to be, they are necessities and anyone with their right mind should have them as first priorities. With this I am talking about cars and necessary credit card purchases such as household equipment. I do not think credit cards should be used as any type of extra money. Its not extra, its borrowed. You do have to pay it back and the item will be extra because of all the interest that comes with them. If things are necessary to get at the time cash is not available, like a washing machine and things like that, then go for it. They are necessary to have because things do happen, but too many people use them the wrong way and then end up filing for bankruptcy. The investment that I believe is the highest risk of all would be the purchasing of stocks and relying solely on them for your everyday money supply. They are very unstable and can go many different ways over the course of one day. I think if you purchase one small one thats fine, but not very many unless you like taking those kinds of risks. When I get to about the age of 40-50, I will start to look into what I will need for retirement. I will begin putting money away so I can get a nice house and car. I will begin spending some money on little things because Im getting near the end. Once I get up into the fifties, I will probably be set. I will hopefully have a traditional IRA because I will have made so much money throughout my life. I will probably begin to look for a place to live once I do retire. I will make sure I have at least some kind of medical insurance because older people usually have high medical bills. .u0db64a7de0e5664b96540ad5ef0fb44a , .u0db64a7de0e5664b96540ad5ef0fb44a .postImageUrl , .u0db64a7de0e5664b96540ad5ef0fb44a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u0db64a7de0e5664b96540ad5ef0fb44a , .u0db64a7de0e5664b96540ad5ef0fb44a:hover , .u0db64a7de0e5664b96540ad5ef0fb44a:visited , .u0db64a7de0e5664b96540ad5ef0fb44a:active { border:0!important; } .u0db64a7de0e5664b96540ad5ef0fb44a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u0db64a7de0e5664b96540ad5ef0fb44a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u0db64a7de0e5664b96540ad5ef0fb44a:active , .u0db64a7de0e5664b96540ad5ef0fb44a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u0db64a7de0e5664b96540ad5ef0fb44a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u0db64a7de0e5664b96540ad5ef0fb44a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u0db64a7de0e5664b96540ad5ef0fb44a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u0db64a7de0e5664b96540ad5ef0fb44a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u0db64a7de0e5664b96540ad5ef0fb44a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u0db64a7de0e5664b96540ad5ef0fb44a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u0db64a7de0e5664b96540ad5ef0fb44a .u0db64a7de0e5664b96540ad5ef0fb44a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u0db64a7de0e5664b96540ad5ef0fb44a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Bill of Rights EssayWhen I get to the wonderful age of retirement, I will pretty much be set. I will have a job where a 401k plan is set up for me. I will also have my IRA to look to also. I should have plenty of money to support me and my family for the rest of our lives. All these plans will hopefully help me and my family become economically successful. If I can invest all my money intelligently then we will have a higher possibility for success. The key is to remember the things I have learned and do things the smart way.

Top Girls Essay Example For Students

Top Girls Essay Compare and contrast the presentations of relationships between parents and children in Top Girls and other drama texts you have read about the struggle for identity in modern literature. How far do you agree with the idea that such relationships are destructive? Throughout both Top Girls and The Beauty Queen of Leenane McDonagh and Churchill present parent child relationships as being destructive; a demise caused by deceit. During Top Girls, Angies discovery of the identity of her true biological mother, Marlene, results in a destructive relationship with her adoptive mother, Joyce. This theme is exaggerated further in The Beauty Queen of Leenane where Mags duplicitous relationship with Maureen sees her desire for control result in the act of matricide. We will write a custom essay on Top Girls specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The most obvious cause of destruction in the relationships is deceit. In The Beauty Queen of Leenane, Mag hides Patos letter from Maureen causing her relationship with him to fail. Maureen discovers her mothers dishonesty when Mag accidentally reveals her knowledge of the situation resulting in her admittance that did burn it! This revelation causes the destructive emotion of anger in Maureen and is the end to her relationship with Mag. Similarly, in Top Girls, Angie is lied to about the circumstances of her birth. This is revealed as Joyce tells Marlene I dont know how you could leave your own child to which her sister replies, You were quick enough to take her. Similarly this results in destruction through a lack of trust, however, this overheard conversation causes confusion rather than anger in Angie as she calls Marlene Mum? In Top Girls, the tension between Angie and Joyce is caused by the knowledge of deceit. This is emphasised by Churchill through the explicit language she gives them. Joyce calls Angie a Fucking rotten little cunt, suggesting extreme hatred surrounds their unusual mother daughter relationship. Similarly, in The Beauty Queen of Leenanes dialogue, Mag and Maureen swear constantly, again the mother figure, Mag, says angrily to Maureen Now you just shut your fecking This constant use of expletives shows a lack of respect in both relationships leading to a destructive circle of belittlement. Profane language is not the only means by which the playwrights demonstrate the dysfunctional nature of the relationships. During Top Girls, Angie becomes defiant; shown through her refusal to tidy her room. This is mirrored in Mags tendencies in The Beauty Queen of Leenane, where she continues to pour a potty of wee down the sink, when Maureen has specifically asked her not to. However, here it is the mother who is disobedient rather then the daughter, reflecting the role reversal between them as Mag becomes the dependant figure. Maureen feels that caring for Mag should not be her responsibility, causing further destruction as she becomes resentful of her mother and her absent sisters. This defiance heightens the tension between the women, leading to a cycle of revenge as each character strives to gain control. In The Beauty Queen of Leenane, Mag continues to defy Maureen, who in turn provokes her mother with the purchase of Kimberly biscuits despite the knowledge that her mother dislikes them. In Top Girls, Joyces tone becomes increasingly patronising towards Angie, making comments such as Of course it was there, its meant to be there. These remarks are made despite Joyces knowledge that Angie wishes to be treated as an equal, shown by Angies refusal to go to bed so she can stay up with Marlene and Joyce. Angies disobedience towards her mother solidifies Joyces attitude towards her daughter. As both mother daughter relationships become strained, the snide comments and constant attacks become humiliating. In Top Girls, Angie is embarrassed by Joyce whilst speaking to her friend, Kit. Joyce mocks Angie with Dont know much then do you? belittling her intelligence, a known issue which caused her to leave school early. Joyce also refers to Angie as a big lump whilst talking to Marlene, again humiliating for Angie by insulting her looks. To more extreme ends, in The Beauty Queen of Leenane, Maureen is treated in the same way by Mag whilst in the company of Pato. Mag attacks Maureen in front of Pato bringing up Difford Hall in England, a nut-house Maureen resided at for a month. Despite Pato seeing no shame in that at all, McDonagh uses stage directions to suggest that Mag is embarrassed as she talks quietly. .uc51b7f74c5d2c847c1792724c6fc0758 , .uc51b7f74c5d2c847c1792724c6fc0758 .postImageUrl , .uc51b7f74c5d2c847c1792724c6fc0758 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc51b7f74c5d2c847c1792724c6fc0758 , .uc51b7f74c5d2c847c1792724c6fc0758:hover , .uc51b7f74c5d2c847c1792724c6fc0758:visited , .uc51b7f74c5d2c847c1792724c6fc0758:active { border:0!important; } .uc51b7f74c5d2c847c1792724c6fc0758 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc51b7f74c5d2c847c1792724c6fc0758 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc51b7f74c5d2c847c1792724c6fc0758:active , .uc51b7f74c5d2c847c1792724c6fc0758:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc51b7f74c5d2c847c1792724c6fc0758 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc51b7f74c5d2c847c1792724c6fc0758 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc51b7f74c5d2c847c1792724c6fc0758 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc51b7f74c5d2c847c1792724c6fc0758 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc51b7f74c5d2c847c1792724c6fc0758:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc51b7f74c5d2c847c1792724c6fc0758 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc51b7f74c5d2c847c1792724c6fc0758 .uc51b7f74c5d2c847c1792724c6fc0758-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc51b7f74c5d2c847c1792724c6fc0758:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Hard Times EssayDue to both daughters being isolated, the feeling of humiliation is heightened and causes long lasting destruction in the form of low self esteem. In Top Girls, Angie has no job, and according to Joyce is not going to get a job, when jobs are hard to get. Her decision to leave school means she no longer has a reason to leave the house, and will not meet any new people. In The Beauty Queen of Leenane, Maureen is trapped with her mother and similarly has no job or many friends. Mag tells her you dont say hello to people is your trouble suggesting that she is a reserved character. Again this would mean that the humiliation regarding Pato would be focused on by her as her first and only love interest. Both daughters also appear to be subject to disapproval from their mothers. Both playwrights use dress to illustrate this. In Top Girls, Angie receives a dress from her birth mother, Marlene. Throughout the scene Joyce does not compliment Angie or the dress and merely tells her to Go to room then, dont want a strip show. Churchill uses Marlenes reactions as a direct contrast, with her encouraging Angie to try it on. Chronologically later, although dramatically earlier, after the discovery of Angies birth mother, she puts the dress on again and is told not today by Joyce. This disapproval is similar to, Mags scorn as she picks up disdainfully and tosses into a far corner. She also comments on her disgust at the price of Forty pounds just for that skimpy dress. Although Mag is alone when she makes the comments, the sentiment is conveyed as later Maureen goes over to where the dress is lying, crouches down beside it and picks it up, holding it to her chest. The image of the dress be ing close to her chest suggests the insults are close to her heart. However, an alternative interpretation would be that the dreams which the dress represents are close to Maureens heart, she is attempting to protect these from the destruction present between herself and Mag. The inevitable subsequent build up of tension between the mother and daughter leads to violence. In Top Girls, Angies discovery of deceit and consequent anger towards Joyce, leads to thoughts of matricide, as she tells friend Kit I put on this dress to kill my mother. This relates to Angies connection with the dress as it comes to represent, for her, a link with her birth mother and support in challenging Joyces role as mother. Despite not going as far as committing the act itself, Angie thinks of ways to kill her mother, she picks up a brick and assures Kit You can kill people with a brick. This is highly disturbing for the audience, as Angies determination is conveyed through her preparation. Furthermore, the dramatic form creates visual immediacy as the audience see her pick up the brick, thus her intentions become real. Angies violent thoughts appear to be reciprocated, although with less conviction, by Joyce. This is emphasised in the way she tells Angie to stay there and die, a appalling way for a mother to address her daughter providing the influence for Angies shocking behavior. The theme of violence is further present in The Beauty Queen of Leenane, as aggression escalates to the act of matricide. Throughout the play the revelation of a history of violence within the relationship is foreshadowed through the presence of Mags red hand and when she tells Pato, Shes the one that scoulded my hand. Despite Mags treacherous disposition, the audience is torn between the stories; though Mag provides evidence by up her left hand she has lied before and shows no remorse. On the other hand, Maureen often threatens her mother and has dreamed about her being dead in a coffin. The final act provides shocking confirmation of Mags torture as Maureen slowly and deliberately takes her mothers hand and starts slowly pouring some of the hot oil over it. Maureen is established as a violent character who continues to torture her mother whilst she screams in pain and terror. This use of in yer face theatre allows McDonagh to shock the audience. The brutality peaks as it is revea led that Maureen has killed Mag when she finally topples over and falls heavily to the floor, dead. This violence is particularly disturbing as Maureen appears to show no guilt or remorse for her actions as she looks down at , somewhat bored then steps onto her back as she leaves the room. This physical act represents Maureens feeling of triumph over her dead mother, as she feels that through the murder of her mother the destructive cycle has ended. .u21aee91faeffa6137e721a0123455b89 , .u21aee91faeffa6137e721a0123455b89 .postImageUrl , .u21aee91faeffa6137e721a0123455b89 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u21aee91faeffa6137e721a0123455b89 , .u21aee91faeffa6137e721a0123455b89:hover , .u21aee91faeffa6137e721a0123455b89:visited , .u21aee91faeffa6137e721a0123455b89:active { border:0!important; } .u21aee91faeffa6137e721a0123455b89 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u21aee91faeffa6137e721a0123455b89 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u21aee91faeffa6137e721a0123455b89:active , .u21aee91faeffa6137e721a0123455b89:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u21aee91faeffa6137e721a0123455b89 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u21aee91faeffa6137e721a0123455b89 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u21aee91faeffa6137e721a0123455b89 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u21aee91faeffa6137e721a0123455b89 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u21aee91faeffa6137e721a0123455b89:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u21aee91faeffa6137e721a0123455b89 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u21aee91faeffa6137e721a0123455b89 .u21aee91faeffa6137e721a0123455b89-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u21aee91faeffa6137e721a0123455b89:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The exposition and complications are introduced right from the start when the theme of the play, marriage, becomes apparent EssayIn conclusion, both playwrights convey destruction within the parent child relationships. This destruction is caused by deceit and manipulation initiated by the parents but further adopted by the daughters, often to more violent ends. During both plays, this cycle is portrayed as vicious and continuous. In Top Girls the chronological end to the play provides none of the characters with happiness or liberty. Similarly in The Beauty Queen of Leenane, although Maureen believes she is free from her mother, it is apparent to the audience that instead she has simply become her mother.

Is Class Size Crucial to School Improvement

Personality and Its Assessment Essays

Personality and Its Assessment Essays Personality and Its Assessment Essay Personality and Its Assessment Essay Personality has different meanings for theologians, philosophers and sociologists, and within psychology it has been defined in many ways (Allport, 1937). The main reason that leads so many psychologists to explore the human personality is that by doing so, the opportunity to predict a person’s behaviour in a situation presents itself, even before a situation occurs. Knowing more about one’s personality also allows us to learn about his/her dominant traits, information that can be of use in many aspects of everyday life (e. . recruiting the right people for the right jobs, treating a patient with the most suitable therapy etc. ). Many psychologists today (Block, Weiss and Thorne, 1979) define personality as a â€Å"more or less stable, internal factors that make one person’s behaviour consistent from one time to another, and different from the behaviour other people would manifest in comparable situations† (Childe, 1968). This definition gives us a clear v iew of the four major assumptions in the concept of personality: stable, internal, consistent and different. From the constructivist view, personality is seen as the combination of three equally important components: the actor, the observer and the self-observer. The actor component refers to the characteristics that a person brings to the social situation in which personality is constructed. These include all the genetic factors that may have the influence on a person’s behaviour, what he/she is capable or incapable to perform, as well as the individual’s history and present goals. The observer component refers to the way the actor is perceived by other people. Observers use the actor’s behaviour to construct an impression of the actor’s personality by adding social significance and meaning to the presented behaviour. As a result of this, we categorize people’s behaviour into different groups (e. g. ‘friendly’, ‘obnoxious’). These categories, apart from telling us about directly observable information, also add inferred meanings. The self-observer component is the direct consequence of the human ability to be self-aware. We can observe ourselves as we can observe other people, and we can see ourselves as we think other people see us. Throughout time, researchers have constructed various tools, scales and tests to attempt assessing personalities. The four main assessment methods currently used are interviews, observation, objective tests and projective tests. Interviews can be of two kinds, the structured and the unstructured. In the structured interview the person would be given a set list of questions to answer. These would mostly refer to the way a person sees him/herself behaving in different situations, by choosing the most appropriate statement that would describe him/her most accurately. In the unstructured interview the person would be asked to talk about himself without any obligation to a specific order and without much direction from the assessor. The observation method is used by the psychologist to learn about a person’s personality, through observing a person’s action and behaviour in different situations. The objective and projective tests are designed to learn aspects of one’s personality. While the objective way uses self-inventories that involve paper and pencil test, the projective way is about deriving information while a person talk about ambiguous stimuli. I shall go into further detail on these two means of assessment and their validity. While looking into methods of assessment, the two main personality tests appeared in either a structured or in an unstructured form. Structured Personality Tests The first structured personality test (also known as ‘objective’) was introduced by the U. S Army, while recruiting soldiers for World War I. The purpose of this test was to identify emotionally disturbed recruits. The test consisted of a list of questions that dealt with different symptoms or problem (e. g. â€Å"do you wet your bed? †). If the recruit was reporting many such symptoms, he was sent to further psychiatric examination (Cronbach, 1970). More personality tests were later introduced; the 2 major ones were the MMPI (Hathaway and McKinley, 1940) and the CPI. The MMPI (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory) assesses traits in comparison to psychiatric diseases, with the intention to make the test multiphasic, meaning diagnostic of a number of different kinds of psychopathology. This test was more concerned in finding abnormal behaviour that would indicate a psychiatric criterion (e. g. paranoia, depression, schizophrenia etc. . The CPI (California Psychological Inventory), unlike the MMPI, focuses on non-clinical behaviour and is more directed to high school and college students. This test investigates various personality traits such as sociability, dominance, responsibility etc. The validity of Structured Personality Tests The main problem with constructed personality tests is that most people taking i t are more or less aware of what the questions represent. Instead of giving an honest account of themselves they may try to manipulate their answers to avoid a stigma of a mental disorder or social stereotypes. Likewise, a person may wish to present him/herself in a bad light, in order to avoid undesirable object (e. g. being drafted). Even when precautions were taken by adding certain validity scales to the test, scales that were meant to make it easier to indicate when a lie was recorded, there was still no guarantee that patients weren’t lying to themselves and projecting their false interpretations when answering such tests. Furthermore, though personality tests can predict behaviour, their accuracy is doubtful. The correlation found between test scores and validity criteria are generally around +0. 0, indicating a low to moderate association (a perfect association between sets of scores produces a correlation of (+/-) 1. 00, whereas scores that are totally unrelated produce a correlation of 0) (Lasky et el. , 1959). Unstructured Personality Test The unstructured personality tests (also known as ‘projective’), introduced in the 1940’s and 1950’s, presen ted the examinee with unstructured tasks such as making up a story to fit a picture or describing what he/she sees in an inkblot. These tests were formed in such way that the examinee -instead of describing how he/she feels, acts or wishes- requires to do so regarding other stimuli. One example of such test is the Rorschach test (Rorschach, 1921). In this test, 10 symmetrical inkblots are presented to the individual; some are coloured and some black and white. The individual is required to describe what he/she sees. The method of interpretation regarding this test consist of various hypothesis, such as the one which claims that using the entire inkblot indicate integrative, conceptual thinking, whereas the use of the white space is supposed to be a sign of rebelliousness and negativism. Responses that are dominated by colour suggest emotionality and impulsivity. Another example is the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) (Murrey, 1948). This consisted of thirty pictures of various scenes and a blank card. In each the examinee is required to imagine his/her own scene; describing what is shown, what led up to it and what the outcome of the scene will be in his/her eyes. This outcome of the TAT was interpreted by considering the examinee’s desired end- product as a picture of his/her major motives and conflicts, achievements and aspirations. The validity of Unstructured Personality Tests By now there are over 11,000 published articles regarding the Rorschach and the TAT. According to some experts, these tests have a very limited validity (Holt, 1978; Klein, 1982; Rorer, 1990). These studies have shown that individual Rorschach measurements have little relation to external validity criteria. In its ability to predict psychiatric symptoms, TAT assessments proved no better than the Rorschach’s test. In a study initiated in 1950, TAT was administrated to over 100 males, some in psychiatric facilities and others in college. The TAT results showed no difference between the normal group and patients. It also lacked the ability to show differences within the psychiatric groups (Eron, 1950). Although the TAT was proved to have little value as a diagnostic assessment for psychiatric classification, studies have shown that the test has some validity for more limited purpose, in particularly regarding indications of personal motives. One group of investigators worked with examinees who had not eaten for various periods of time. When presented with TAT pictures, their stories were highly connected to food and hunger, in comparison to the participants of the control group. Similar findings have been obtained concerning various other motives such as aggression, sexual arousal and the need for achievements (Atkinson and McClelland, 1948). Personality tests, in both their structured and unstructured form, consist of many more formats and use a large quantity of assessment methods. Although both types of tests consist of certain flaws, and are not always reliable, their contribution to the understanding of personality is significant. The appearance of such tests in the early 40’s has raised the interest of many researchers, psychologists and psychiatrics, and gave way to further studies on the issue of personality and its construct. References: Gleitman, H. (1999) psychology 5th edition, Norton (chapters 16 and 17) Hampson, Sarah E. (1988) The construction of personality: an introduction. 2nd edition, London: Routledge

Compare and contrast paper Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Compare and contrast paper - Movie Review Example the similarities, it is evident that the two movies depict great differences making the 2013 version of Carrie an improved version with regards to additional characters, scenes, and modernization. In this effect, the paper focuses on a comparison and contrast between the two films generated at different times in history. In terms of plot, the two films have a frantically similar layout; however, Carrie 1976 starts with Carrie white as a naà ¯ve, friendless and shy 17 year girl facing child abuse from her religious fanatic mother, Margaret. In the 2013, film a historic layout introduces the film, making viewers know the background of Margaret white as well as the birth of Carrie white. The scene does not appear in the 1976 version, which jumps directly to the play hence denying viewers the privilege of having background information about Carrie and her mother. Evidently, both have Carrie and Margaret as dormant characters although acted by different people motivated by different factors. An aspect of modernism remains clear in the two plots as the 1976 version majors in traditional beliefs and religious ratification. Although the 2013 version of Carrie gives providence to religious and traditional doctrines, it also makes use of other modern aspects as YouTube. For example, when Carrie experiences h er first menstrual period, a longtime bully Chris Hargensen records this and upload into the social site. No modern movie plays without the use of modern technology creating a difference between the 1976 film and the 2013 version. During the prom sequence, Carrie 2013 receives a 21st century twist, which generates a shaky camera that offers a good perspective to viewers. Arguably, the 1976 version of Carrie has terms that do not readily appease viewers. For example, â€Å"dirty pillows† detaches contemporary audience from the original version contrary to the 2013 film which has a modern spin of the classic tale accosted with orchestral tones. Conceivably, the 2013 version