An Overview of the Twelve Tables Essay Example for Free

An Overview of the Twelve Tables Essay If anything, The Twelve Tables of the Roman Empire provide for the disposing of a common, stereotypical image of Roman society that it was a lawless, militaristic totalitarian state where the Emperor executed thousands of citizens with no care for the rule of law. While it is true that certain Emperors such as Caligula and Nero were hardly known for their excellent records for human rights, the reality is that Roman Society was a civilization that placed great emphasis on the legal structures and due process, albeit these laws also displayed a wanton cruelty designed to impose the Roman concept of order on the populace. Per Cicero, â€Å"Though all the world exclaim against me, I will say what I think: that single little book of the Twelve Tables, if anyone look to the fountains and sources of laws, seems to me, assuredly, to surpass the libraries of all the philosophers, both in weight of authority, and in plenitude of utility.† (Halsall) That is, the authority of The Twelve Tables is absolute. As an imperialist and occupying power, Rome was merciless. Its humanitarian goals were non-existent and it enslaved thousands. Domestically, Rome, while not as wanton, still remained harsh. While it did impose a series of harmless laws, usually centering on economic issues that provided a sense of order within the civilization, other rules were incredibly cruel. While there were statutes dealing with such benign issues as dealing with the paving of roads and civil litigation, there are a number of laws that also promote slavery, infanticide, torture, women’s subjugation and public executions, all of which promoted the state and the ruling class as the center of all moral authority. In comparison to the Code of Hannurabi and the Code of Assura, there is a great deal of â€Å"overlap† in terms of how an established, orderly system had been designed in order to establish property rights that extended to including women and subjugated slaves as property. In this regard, The Twelve Tables are highly derivative of these two codes as all three exist to impose the rule of a dominant, male ruling class where the state rules with an iron fist in order to maintain its control. Instead of an disorderly society where anarchy rules over all else, there is an established society with a code of laws, albeit unfair laws that can also wield the iron fist of cruelty where the moral relativism of the state is responsible for the brutality that it has sanctioned as legitimate. In regards to the Covenants found in Hebrew society, while there is present the subjugation of women and capital punishment of crimes, the ultimate moral authority is God.   â€Å"A covenant is more personal than a contract — it involves loyalty and allegiance, not just a financial exchange. God has made several agreements or covenants with humans. He gives commands and makes promises.† (Morrison) That is, the existing Covenants are between God and his people as opposed to the people and the state as evidenced in the other three societies. Furthermore, Hebrew laws derived an authority from God that eliminated the moral ambiguity that allowed for the more violent laws of the secular societies used to crush decent and control the population. This is not to say that Hebrew Society was free of injustice, but it did not co-opt the wanton cruelty that existed in the other civilizations. Roman society was not a society of disorganized laws that imposed cruelty. On the contrary, the cruelty imposed upon the populace in the Roman Empire were based on an orderly set of laws that while legal, were immoral, which begs that question as to whether or not the laws were ultimately legitimate. Works Cited Paul Halsall, 01 June 1998, Ancient History Sourcebook: The Twelve Tables 04 November 2006 URL http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/12tables.html Paul Halsall, 01 June 1998, Ancient History Sourcebook: The Code of the Assura, 04 November 2006 URL http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/1075assyriancode.html Michael Morrison, 1995, Covenants in the Bible, 04 November 2006 URL http://www.wcg.org/lit/law/covenants.htm

Blind Conformity: Malcolm X :: essays research papers

Blind Conformity: Malcolm X In today's world it is often difficult to adjust to one type of lifestyle or another. The constant bombardment of outside opinions hamper our ability, as humans, to choose and be comfortable with a certain way of living. Our way of living may consist of a look, a way of thinking, a religion, or any facet of our personalities that may not conform with whatever is the norm or the accepted at a given time. When this is the case, we sometimes feel forced to change, thus we are susceptible to blind conformity. The word conformity comes from the Latin words con, which means with or together, and forma, which means to shape or mold. Therefore, blind conformity is actually a molding of ourselves together with what is said to be normal in society instead of using our differences to enhance ourselves as humans. Known for having strong opinions, Malcolm X seems to be an unlikely victim of blind conformity. However, as shown in his essay, My First Conk, Malcolm X, in fact, was victimized by this malignant disease. Straightening black hair, though, is just one impulse that is bought on by blind conformity. Changing one's self to look or behave like another because it is more desired by the public is due to a disregarding of one' s self-claimed morals and values, an over emphasis of the media and outside opinions, and an insecurity which most of us unfortunately have. In My First Conk, Malcolm X assured that black people were being brainwashed to believe that they actually were inferior to white people, thus they conked their hair. They were, essentially, giving up what they were fighting for as far as civil rights- the right to be who they were and also be accepted by society. Therefore, the conking of their hair was a hypocrisy and a contradiction of all their morals and values. Blind conformity caused them to disregard their strongest beliefs which should be the most powerful driving forces in all of our lives. If we can not depend on our own morals and values, our engines, to dictate our lives, we are simply empty vehicles being pushed down life's roads. Especially in today's society, there is a dire over emphasis of the media. Television and other types of media display certain lifestyles and ideas and then the public automatically conforms. Having the media, which is something so optional, control us is a reprehensible sacrilege. It is imperative that we learn to either admire or dislike an idea without feeling the need to immerse ourselves so fully into it.

How Will You Avoid Plagiarism Commerce Essay

Leadership is a quality to direct the people but what is more of import than an ability to direct is to procure obeisance from the audience about that way. Peoples are a crowd and to carry and actuate them to travel for something jointly is the undertaking of leading. A leader knits these people into a squad and so steer how to move in integrity. A leader motivates his squad with his action, personality and personal appeal to follow and execute the undertaking given whole heartedly. However, this function of leading is excessively general and seems easy to execute. This undertaking becomes more and more hard when there is a demand of persuasion to travel for martyrdom. In uniformed services, be it arm forces, constabulary, fire brigade or any other, the employees are non merely like any other employee in civil set ups. Their functions and responsibilities are different from all the others and hence needs a different kind of motivational degree to execute their hazardous responsibilit ies. It must be kept in head that during the public presentation of responsibilities, there is a hazard of life which is otherwise negligible in any service other than those mentioned above. UK constabulary is one of the most professional constabulary force around the universe and is known for their professionalism, dedication, public presentation and motivational committedness toward their responsibilities and state as a whole. Like any other force, it needs motive to transport on its committedness degree. On organisational degree, there are a figure of motivational factors and theories which are working to maintain this motivational degree at the top of the universe, but there is another factor which provides a roadmap for the organisation towards professional committednesss. This is leading. Leadership is the beacon visible radiation for the employees and a leader by his stature, committedness, and energy to execute his responsibilities impress upon the other employees and actuate them for the martyrdom in public presentation of their responsibilities. On many cases there are a figure of known leaders in the history of UK patroling who have provide a motivational base for the employees and the impacts of the same travelled a long manner and kept the constabulary section proud for times to come. The function of leading has a relationship with the motivational degree of the organisation.3. Preliminary Review of the LiteratureGive a brief critical reappraisal of the literature that you have read in composing the proposal and explicate how these mentions relate to your undertaking. Do n't bury to give a list of beginnings used ( a lower limit of 6 ) – usage the Harvard Referencing system. Have you a conceptual model? If so, include. Justify the demand for the research in relation to the literature you have reviewed.. Motivation has a long history among states, ground forcess, offices and squads. Psychologically, human ecrus in hunt for grounds to execute any undertaking and he may happen it in faith, responsibility or cause. But for the grounds he has to be convinced about the action he is traveling to execute. It needs motive and encouragement. There is a batch of literature available on motive in signifier of theory X and Y, Malsaw ‘s theory of demand and hierarchy of demands. Similarly there are theories approximately leading as great event theory, trait theory etc to specify the function and nature of leading. Role of Leadership in motive is farther deliberated at that place. Robbins construct of motive, 1999 forwards the followerss ground for motive: All physical activity is preceded by mental action of some kind. All behavior is end directed and aims to accomplish some coveted province of personal businesss. Persons seek to maximize pleasance and minimise hurting and un-pleasantries. Similarly, Motivation can be considered as the rousing, way and care of human behavior toward achieving some end † ( Buelens et al. 2006 ) To increase motive among the employees D. McGregor ( 1960 ) finds two utmost logics. One as theory and the other as theory Y. harmonizing to theory Ten it is natural for human to dislike work and they will withstand the work whenever they will hold the chance. But in theory Y he finds that it is natural for human existences to work as they need nutrient and slumber. Merely motive they need is acknowledgment of their work. These both theories have their ain virtues and demerits. In leading theories, these are the leaders who perform motivation tools and are polar for the success of any organisation. Leader might be born or made but the common trait they must hold is their bid over their people and to procure their obeisance.4. Research Questions and AimsHere you should compose your research inquiries as they emerge from the background and critical literature reappraisal. Develop these into 3-5 specific research aims that begin with toaˆÂ ¦ and usage higher degree verbs e.g. to place, explore, measure, look into, explicate, depict, etc.Purposes and aim of the research:In this survey our chief focal point remains on the relationship between motivational degree of an organisation and function of leading. This survey is based on instance survey of UK police section and will stay chiefly focal point to the motivational theories being applied in UK constabulary section, leading theories being practiced and function theoretical accounts of the constabulary sec tion. In instance of these function theoretical accounts, we will look into their manner, theoretical accounts of leading, personal part toward the motivational degree of organisation and part in development of leading theoretical accounts and theories with specific mention to patrol force. In order to accomplish the intent and to avoid any divergence during the survey, following purposes and aims has been defined: Study the motivational degree of the employees in UK constabulary section as comparison to other forces and so far as possible a comparative analysis of UK police section ‘s motivational degree with a few others. Motivational theories and application of these motivational theories in constabulary section as comparison to other services which are working in the civil side and corporations. Leadership theoretical accounts and survey of the best applicable theoretical account of leading for a force like UK constabularies section Study and rating of function of leading in motive particularly in constabularies force Role theoretical accounts in UK constabularies and their imprints on the section In order to accomplish these purpose and aims, we will look profoundly in the established organic structure of literature in general and for constabulary and other armed forces in peculiar.Research inquiry:In order to maintain the survey focal point and consequence oriented, following research inquiry has been framed: Does the leading motives the employees to in accomplishment of professional and national responsibilities?5. Research PlanThis is the most of import subdivision. A clear description of the three stages of the Research Plan is required: Perspective/general attack Design for run intoing your aims Data Collection Methods What is the entree and trying scheme ( including sample Numberss ) ? How will the informations be analysed and presented? What are the restrictions of your research? Comment briefly on cogency, dependability and generalisability. Note: This subdivision is non meant to be a reappraisal of the literature on research methods by and large.Research methodological analysis:In our instance there are two research methods which might be applied as per literature of the research methodological analysis in order to specify the way and tools of research to continue farther. Choice of these methods is chiefly dependent on our purposes and aims defined for the intent of the survey. In visible radiation of these purposes and aims we have to choose the method as to positivism and interpretism. Interpretism is method to construe the occurrences traveling on around us and to explicate the same and really much applicable in explicating natural occurrences. On the other manus, positivism is believed to be applicable in all those instances where research worker wants to explicate the insouciant relationship between two dependent variables and aid in theory edifice procedure in the terminal. â€Å" Positivism has a long and rich historical tradition. It is so embedded in our society that cognition claims non grounded in rationalist idea are merely dismissed as a scientific and hence invalid † ( Hirschheim, 1985, p.33 ) In our research, we have selected the method of positivism being most applicable in our instance.Research Approachs:Research attacks are meant to specify the agencies and methods to carry on a research so that a concrete program for the executing of the research plan could be conducted in the most befitting mode. A research attack helps the research to travel for techniques of informations aggregation and analysis thereof, reading of consequences and a aid to border attendant theories. ( Collin & A ; Hussey, 2003 ) There are two types of attacks in this respect. One is qualitative and the other is quantitative. In researches where there are state of affairs and researches to specify and happen qualitative relationship between the two factors and inductive theoretical account of thought is followed. It is affirmatory instead than confirmative in nature. ( Saunders et al, 2007 ) . Whereas quantitative attack is chiefly meant to prove the hypothesis through experimental ways by agencies of facts and figures put into the established theorem to prove their cogency. Quantitative research is believed to be the best where quantifiable figures could be generated like natural scientific disciplines. In our research faculty, the best option as to near toward the research is qualitative method. In our research, we are aimed to attest the research inquiry as to avowal of relationship between two abstract things, i.e. , leading and motive and to prove relationship between the two. Quantitative attack emphasized on the confirmation of hypothesis through scientific methods like experiments and are often been used in scientific research particularly in natural scientific disciplines. In our instance, we have adopted the attack of qualitative research.3.3 Research Strategy — Surveies:In research doctrine, the basic parametric quantities of research attack, tools and methods have been discussed. Research scheme is the pant and package of that research design and it focuses on the choice of informations aggregation tools to look into the affair and to fulfill the purposes and aims of the survey already specified. As we have adopted for positive design of the research, maintaining i n position the qualitative attack, the appropriate manner of informations aggregation in this instance will be studies. My basic tool would stay interviews and studies.3.4 Data Collection method:Data Collection is the pivot for successful and consequence oriented research. A information compromised survey leads toward catastrophe and ailment founded consequences and it is hence emphasized by the research workers for a healthy and reliable informations aggregation activity in any research. Data are of two types: Primary informations and Secondary informations. Primary information is one which is collected for the first clip and is specific for the intent of survey. It is ever to the point and its aggregation Techniques corresponds with the purposes and aims of the survey. Whereas, in instance of Secondary informations, the information is collected ab initio for some intent other than the research. Secondary beginnings are available in signifier of statistical studies, electronic info rmation bases, libraries hunts, books, diaries etc. For the intent of this research chief focal point shall stay on primary informations aggregation through studies in signifier of questionnaire. However, wheresoever required, adequate aid from the secondary beginnings will be utilized to the best of this research.3.5 Strengths of the Methodology:The truth of consequences of a research predominately depends upon the methodological analysis adopted. No 1 can deny the importance of methodological analysis. It is the glass through which a research worker sees the truth behind the dust of intuition and goes beyond the universe of what and why ( Burks 2001 ) . Methodology adopted in this instance is based on qualitative research and conducted through the tool of Surveys. In this method, research worker has a direct entree to the individual under survey and all looks and behavior is known to him. Although, it would be subjective to cipher behavior of the topic under survey but in this instance disciplinary steps and extra information, if required, are possible to recover and to do the record heterosexual. As in this survey, study is to be conducted through questionnaire prepared for this intent but still the last inquiry is kept unfastened to measure the behavior every bit good extra information topics want to supply. The first manus cognition and accent on primary informations makes this survey dependable and intimate.3.6 Restriction of the methodological analysis:There is a factor of confidentiality which might move as confining factor for the survey.6. Ethical ConsiderationsWhat we are looking for here is a treatment of any ethical issue s raised by your peculiar proposal and how you propose to manage them. You will necessitate to admit and follow the There are no evident ethical issues foreseen to originate out of our proposal.7 Timetable and any particular resources requiredInclude a Gantt chart. Alert us to any peculiar jobs you are likely to confront.Time frame:ActivityFour Calendar month1234123412341234Read LiteratureTenTenFinalize AimsTenTenRead methodological analysis literatureTenTenProposalTenTenCase surveiesTenTenTenTenGather DataTenTenTenTenAnalyze informationsTenTenTenTenUpdate literature readTenTenDraft to supervisors FeedTenTenRevision DraftTenTenPrint & A ; BindTenSubmissionTen

E Commerce Security Threats And The Solutions Essay

During the early 1960’s, E-Commerce businesses conducted electronic transactions via primitive computer networks† but the way these transactions were exchanged provided little to no security(34).This made online transactions on WWW(World Wide Web), not reliable and unsecured making consumers eager to not take the chance of risking their information, on an unprotected system. During the early 1960’s came â€Å"Electronic Data Interchange(EDI). EDI replaced traditional mailing and faxing of documents with a digital transfer of data from one computer to another†.(35)This was the first step toward the E-Commerce that is present today.Then the influential SSL protocol would come to be which helped to improve the state of security on the WWW. This led to more protocols being introduced, leading to other detrimental protocols such as (3D Secure, TLS, SET). These protocols, that were just mentioned are still widely used today. This paper will go over the threats a nd the solutions of E-Commerce security. E-Commerce security threats according to â€Å"FindLaw UK, major threats to E-Commerce can be grouped into two categories, malicious and accidental threats†.(34) The first threat gone over will be malicious threats which â€Å"include hackers attempting to penetrate a system and steal sensitive data, burglars stealing a laptop that has sensitive data on it and impostors posing as legitimate users and then copying website information†.(34)Another major threat to E-Commerce â€Å"involves attackersShow MoreRelatedSecurity and Payment Issues Faced by e-commerce Business in the Hospitality Industry978 Words   |  4 Pagesviolations and cyber-attacks to e-commerce systems especially in the hospitality industry. â€Å"In 2011, Trustwave SpiderLabs conducted 42 percent more data breach investigations than in the previous year. 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